Railroad history Essay Example for Free

Railroad history EssayThe reasons why Villard failed to build a profitable railroad was that he never bothered to study much about railroads so he made many mistakes such as, he move to the wilderness to collect his subsidies he thought that by building the rail on an area with a beautiful view he would attract tourism in the area and so they would pay handsomely to tour, so he chose to build in the northwest because of its beauty. This change magnitude the cost of building the railroad because he had to increase the bends, the steepness and the length of the railroad to be able to take in the rocky Mountain View. Villard also did create in areas around the lively springs in broad water county, Montana and at Bozeman costly health spas. This and more expensive buildings and structures made Villard go broke because the tourist opted to visit else where. though the federal aid and foreign investors had given Villard some space for mistakes he made way too many. He was so eager t o rush to the sliding board that he built when the cost of materials and construction in whole was very stiff. High cost amounts to high rates and this hindered the tourists from traveling through the NP.Railroad acted as an alternative mode of transport which farmers used to travel from rural areas to the urban market whenever they had need, they also used the railroad to transport their produce thus interacting with citizenry from other parts of the country. As the railroad changed peoples experiences, it also changed the time concepts. If a person wanted to travel from organize A to point B it became more faster than pre railroad days where one had to use horses on bad road, board a steamboat, Railroads decreased the cost of distance and increased the value of time.

The effect of different factors on egg white Essay Example for Free

The result of different doers on egg albumin EssayAs the title suggests I am divergence to investigate the effect of various factors in egg white. And as all of us know that egg meals be rich in proteins and that wherefore we feed them to small children. But not all the parts of the egg have the same amount of proteins in them and as we know that there is the icteric part which has fairly less amount of protein comp ard to the white part and that is why I chose the white part to streamlet the effect various away factors on the protein which it contains and it is called albumen. And to understand what I am over taking to do in my coursework I am discharge first to give a small explanation on the nature of the proteins and their anatomical structure in general and albumen in special. Proteins argon in general made of small particles called aminic acids. And this is achieved by when many aminic assemblage acids combine together to form polypeptides in a condensation reception. Those polypeptides join together also by a condensation reaction to form a protein. And this is in short how albumen is also organize. And thus we could say that amino acids are the basic units from which proteins are formed of and downstairs is a structure of an amino acid.R H O N C C H H OH As we see in a higher place this is a simplified structure of an amino acid and from the diagram we could see that structure has in its center a carbon atom which is called the alpha carbon and to this alpha carbon there are intravenous feeding different groups attached to it and they are as follow. The first one is a hydrogen atom the second is a basic amino group and the third is the carboxyl group (COOH) which is usually acidic in most cases and in the end the fourth group is the R group which is variable in length and plays an important role in determining and deciding the nature of the amino acid.Therefore any amino acid, which has in its place a carboxyl group, which is an additional one would be an acidic one and if in its place it has an additional amino group it, would be a basic. That was in summary a brief explanation of the structure of an amino acid but for individually structure should be held by bonds which keep them in shape and in my sample I am going investigate how the effect various factors like acids and substructures have on maintaining those bonds and that why we should take a look on the bonds property the structure of amino acids.The bonds holding the amino acids are hydrogen bonds, which are founded between CO and NH groups. The second type is the ionic bonds, which occurs when the R group exits in an ionic form. The third type is the disulphide bond, which occurs between the sulphur groups of the amino acid cytosine. The last type is the hydrophobic bond and which is the most important in maintaining the structure of a protein and that is because the exclude water molecules in an aqueous environment.Moreover there are two types of proteins one is the fibrous proteins and the other is the globular proteins which albumen live on to this group and the most important characteristics of this group are that they are soluble in water and its chains are folded to form spherical shapes as shown below. without delay any revision in the structure due to any external factors, which affect the protein, will cause a change in its shape lead story the protein not to carry its proper function. This process is called denaturation.When this process occurs in the protein albumen the albumen reverse to become a fibrous protein causing a white insoluble curd to form called the coagulation of the albumen. For denaturation to occur there are several factors which helps it to happen and this what I am going to investigate. One of those factors and which we know since lower classes is heating. thawing causes the atoms within the protein to gain kinetic energy and breaking the bonds. Other factors are like adding acids, foot s, heavy metals etc... Those chemicals combine with the COO groups in the protein leading to a change in the structure and the denaturation of the protein. Those chemicals also form grumose albumen when added to albumen. After going through what I wrote above I came to a personal completion which I am going to make it as my hypothesis is that the amount of coagulated protein formed increases or proportional to the concentration of the chemicals use which are external factors and physical factors it was exposed to.Now after mentioning my hypothesis I am going now to test the truthfulness of this hypothesis I am going to carry out an prove to prove it and below is how I am going to plan my taste and what chemicals I am going to use and etc.. . And below is a graph, which shows what I mean At the beginning when I decided to start my experiment I decided to investigate a physical factor along with using chemicals. And the physical factor I decided upon was frost that is because we k now the effect of heating so I was interested to observe what freezing would do to egg albumen.This was for the physical factor, for the chemicals I decided to observe the effect o f acids, alkalis and heavy metals and for the acids I decided to use hydrochloric acid (HCl) and for the alkali I decided to use atomic number 11 hydroxide (NaOH) and for the heavy metals I decided to use either mercury chloride or silver chloride wagering on the availability. And for each chemical I decided to use three different concentrations for each and they are going to be . 0. 25M, 0. 5M, 0. 75M and 1M for the acid, alkali and the heavy metal.To carry out the experiment I got to use some materials and mechanism and below is a list of them followed by the use of each in brief Silver chloride Each of the materials and apparatus above has specific uses as shown below Beakers are going to hold the whole amount of the egg white and acids, alkalis and the heavy metals. Test tubes are going to be used to pour the content together in it for the reaction to take place.Measuring cylinders are going to be used to measure the contents of the chemicals I am going to use. Droppers these are going to be used to adjust small amounts when I pour the chemicals in the measuring cylinders like taking on ml off. Test tube holders are going to hold the test tubes used for the reaction. Lab stickers are going to be used to articulate the test tubes to know which is which. Glass rod are going to be used to stir the contents of the test tubes and skim off the amount of coagulated protein formed. Freezer is going to be used to place in it the test tube, which is going to test the effect of freezing on egg albumen.Eggs are of course going to be used to get from them the egg white or egg albumen for the experiment. Hydrochloric acid it is what I chose from all the ranges of acids to test the effect of acid on egg albumen. Sodium hydroxide it is what I chose from all the ranges of alkalis to test th e effect of alkali on egg albumen. Silver chloride it is the heavy metal, which I choose to test the effect of heavy metals on egg albumen.And that was in brief the use of each material and the purpose for what I am going to use them. The experimental procedure to be carriedNow I am going to explain how I am going to carry out my experiment. primary of all I will get some eggs, separate the egg white from the yellow part of it, and pour them in a beaker. Then I am going to get 30 cmi of the acid for each concentration and pour them in four different beakers, which means that for 1 M I will get 30 cmi of it in a beaker and the same for the other three concentrations. I will then repeat the same procedure for the sodium hydroxide and the silver chloride. Then I will take a measuring cylinder and pour in it 10 cmi of egg white in it.Then I will take the acid and pour in it in another measuring cylinder also 10 cmi of it. After that I take the egg white, pour it in a test tube and abov e it the acid, and wait until the reaction finishes. The time for which the reaction to finish will depend on how many days would I leave it there fore I decided to leave the mixture of acid and egg white for four days to give it the maximum time for it to finish its reaction. After that I will measure the volume of coagulation formed for example if the coagulation formed was the full 20 cmithen I am going to give it a symbol which will be 5 and so on depending on the volume formed. This procedure, which I used for the acid, is going to be the same for the sodium hydroxide and the heavy metal used thus guarantying a fair test. Precautions to be taken When carrying the experiment one should be careful and below is the list of the precautions I took Wearing gloves this important because it would protect my hands in case the acid, alkali and the heavy metal I am going to use can fall on the and burn my hands. Lab coat same as above but for the protection of the rest of my body.Not brea king glass apparatus so as not injure my hands by glass shards caused by the breaking of the glass thus I should be careful. Electric points as I am going to test the effect of freezing it would be commonly that I am going to use a freezer that is why I got to check the electric points so as not to get an electric shock Eye protection I am going to wear eye goggles to protect my eyes in case a dab of acid reaches my eyes. Protection against salmonella as all of us know that the surface of the egg, which means the cuticle, contains the bacteria salmonella thus one shouldTake care to wipe the eggshell first before the experiment and to wash his hands thoroughly after finishing his experiment. Factors to be controlled For a fair test to be carried there are various factors to be controlled to ensure that fair test to be carried and below are the list of factors that should be controlled Maintaining a constant temperature to make sure that the experiment goes smoothly one should main tain a constant temperature preferably a room temperature and that is because it the temperature was raised the rate of reaction will change.To leave all the test tubes for the same time so as none of them will have an advantage on the other. Same amount of egg white to be used in all as the same amount of acid, alkali and heavy metal to be same through out the whole experiment. To ensure accuracy one should repeat each experiment at least twice and take the mean of the values recorded. I will try to make the reaction go by itself and prevent shaking any of the test tubes to give a fair chance to all the other test tubes.

The Life of Martin Guerre Essay Example for Free

The Life of Martin Guerre Essay1) Much of the starting page is interpreted up with descriptions of the coun analyze. What does it communicate?Descriptions of the land and country in which the characters live sets the context and the duration period of the story. On the first page, we are given images of isolation out-of-pocket to the heavy winter that buried the land under whiteness. This gives us a view into the feudalist lifestyles of the peasants in the mountains, and the leisure they enjoyed despite their hard work. 2) why is the marriage of Bertrande de Rols and Martin Guerre the first scene in this novel?The marriage of Bertrande de Rols and Martin Guerre is the main focus of the entire story, which is the reason why the book begins in such a expression. The story later goes keep issue and explains the relationship between the two families and how their arranged marriage came about, but the initial focus is on the marriage itself in its infancy.3) What does the reade r identify of the families involved in the wedding in the first pages?The reader learns that the families Guerre and de Rols are both rich and prosperous peasant families living in the village of Artigues. The families had been rivals for generations, ever since there was a mi solarisederstanding between the great-grandfathers of the young couple. However, the birth and betrothal of Martin and Bertrande, who were born a very short time apart,marked the end of the families quarrels.4) wherefore is Martin so evaluate when he is punished by his father?Martin knows his place in the family. unmatchable day he will grow up to take his fathers position at the head of the table as the cap dhostal. He understands that if he has no obedience for his father, his son will subscribe none for him. He must learn to obey his father and learn from him in every way, so that he will be capable of filling his shoes when his father is done for(p). Otherwise, the family will be left in ruin and des pair. In a sense, Martin is anticipate to become his father, which we later find out is not his wish at all.5) Why slope Bertrande stay contentedly with Arnaud, a man who gives her pleasure, supports her family and is a good farmer?Despite the fact that Arnaud was the man for whom Bertrande felta great and joyous passion, she couldnt stay contentedly with him. She was a very strong catholic who could not accept the shadow of sin and d fury which accompanied Arnaud, level though he worriede her happier than Martin ever could or would have.6) Why is nobody prepared to support and believe Bertrande?If Bertrande were to win the case against Arnaud, the only person the victory would benefit is herself. She would have peace of mind in the fact that she was right, and she would have a chance at absolution from her sins. However, she would be going against the common good. Everyone else in her family cooks that the outcome of the case will determine the familys passel in generations t o come, and for this reason would have her still deceived. Her sister-in-law pleads with her to drop the charges, separatewise the family shall never be happy again and the farm will never prosper again.7) Why do you think Arnaud du Tilh refuses to leave Bertrande when she gives him warning of her conviction?When Arnaud came to the Guerre household in the guise of Martin Guerre, he had originallyintended to stay only long enough to pick up a little silver or gold. However, he ended up getting more than he bargained for. He fell in love with Bertrande, which require him from deserting her to years of pain. To leave at this time would also look like an admission of guilt. Arnaud had found himself stuck in the situation, and had no choice but to sit plastered and hope that he was not found guilty.8) Why might Bertrande feel unsure about prosecuting the new Martin?Bertrande, like Arnaud, was in a lose-lose situation. Her love for Arnaud was as strong as his love for her, and he did n ot appear a monster to her. However, to stay with him would be to commit a sin most black, going against her beliefs and principles. On the other hand, prosecuting him would terminate everything that made her happy Arnaud, her family and the farm. This caused her to be unsure about what course of action to take.CHAPTER TWO Rieux9) What is the significance of Bertrandes confusion about the sun?Bertrandes confusion about the sun reflects her strength of mind. Everything seemed strangeshe had never before left the parish of Artigues. The first time Bertrande left Artigues and stayed in her aunts house, the sun seemed to shine through western windows in the morning. In actual fact the windows were facing east and the sun shone as normal the only difference was Bertrandes confused perception due to her macrocosm in a foreign place. The next time she stays in the house is when she is older and stronger, and she marvels that she had ever felt confused about the direction.10) Why does A rnaud grimace when he hears Bertrandes response to his death sentence?Arnaud really did love Bertrande and cared for her deeply, ordering all things he could imagine to increase her comfort when she was ill. When he hears her outcry in spite of the sentence just passed upon him, his face is brightwith joy. In view of what has happened, this is a powerful quote from which we finally gain some insight into Arnauds character. This man has been sentenced to death, except all he cares about is the fact that Bertrande does indeed have feelings for him and love him as he loves her.CHAPTER THREE Toulouse11) Read Bertrandes conversation with the priest. Why does he try to convince Bertrande to withdraw charges against Arnaud du Tilh?The priest, having considered the entire situation closely, believes the consequences would be far less if Bertrande withdrew the accusation against Arnaud. He has had much to do with Arnaud, and suspects himself that he is not the true Martin Guerre. However, he valued him more than he valued the raw, impatientthoughtlessselfish Martin Guerre who ran away and was willing to accept the new Martin who he says simply spent eight years in a hard school.12) What do you think of the idea that Bertrande is motivated to proceed with the appeal out of anger at those who have oppressed her? Can this idea be supported by the text?In an era where women were indeed oppressed in a male-dominated society, it is understandable that a woman like Bertrande would have feelings of anger towards her oppressors. It is certain that she feels anger and a kind of hatred towards Arnaud, saying that she has not demanded his death, but now she must demand it. It is workable that Arnaud is copping the brunt of all of her hardships that came about after Martin left her.Although this idea is feasible, Bertrande has several other reasons for pursuing justice. By falling in love with Arnaud, he has damned her soul. Because she believes that this is a mortal sin, she wa nts to beridof his front line by any means necessary. It is also her biggest flaw, her incapability to deny the truth, that she must pursue it to the end.13) On her journey to Toulouse, Bertrande recalls that in her mind she travelled this journey with Martin when he first left home. Why does Martins memory motivate her to pursue this course against Arnaud du Tilh?Even though Martin never treated Bertrande as well as Arnaud did, he still represented for her what is deterrent examplely right because she was committed to him through marriage. In this sense, the memory of Martin brings back the memory of a simple life, free of lies and conspiracy, where her bliss came from versed she was doing the right thing.14) During the trial, why is the uncles description of Arnaud so damning?Carbon Bareau describes Arnaud in a way that everyone can identify with. He says that he has a way of stealing the essence, which is exactly what he did when he first came to the Guerre household. The pr iest valued him, the children loved him, and so did Bertrande. Carbon Bareau also says that he has no respect for the laws, which gave mass an explanation of his anger when he was refused the money entrusted to Pierre Guerre.15) After the trial, loneliness and solitude are again Bertrandes fate. She receives little support from her family, her church, the court or the time lag crowds. In this context, what does solitary justice mean?Bertrande has found justice in the outcome of the trial however she is the only one who will benefit from it. She has preoccupied everyone she loves for the sake of a truth, to free herself from a deceit which was consuming and killing her. Bertrande was doomed to live an unhappy, solitary life, whatever she did. If she dropped the accusation, she would be unhappy because of her sins. Because she followed it through, she lost everything.CHAPTER quadruple Afterword16) What effect does the information about the original trial report have on your unders tanding of The Wife of Martin Guerre?The original trial report made me realise that The Wife of Martin Guerre is based on real events in history, therefore making the events in the story seem more feasible.17) Is it wise, or desirable or even possible to represent this story accurately?Janet Lewis says that the story which I offer here differs somewhat from the real story, because no verdict or decision was actually reached. If this had have been the case in The Wife of Martin Guerre, we would not be left with the sense of irony and moral injustice that created the vital messages we take from the story.THEMES The nature of fraud1) Why does her family continue to believe the impostor is Martin after Bertrandes accusations?Because of the success of the Feudal/patriarchal society Bertrandes family have happily lived in for generations, they would not change a cobblestone. They exact to disbelieve Bertrande, for it is only the truth for her, not for them. By doing this, they choose to keep their happiness and prosperity without feeling any guilt.2) The family wants Bertrande to pretend that Arnaud is her married man to maintain the happiness he has brought them. What does this suggest about deception?The situation presented in the novel may suggest that deception is not entirely black-and-white, as it is often sensed to be. Although Arnaud is doing the wrong thing by impersonating Martin and intruding on the lives of the Guerre family, he proves himself to be a kinder, gentler, morepassionate man than the true Martin ever was. Even though Arnauds deception is wrong, many good things come out of it.3) How is it possible for Bertrande to be deceived into mistaking Arnaud du Tilh for her maintain?Because Bertrande was so unhappy in Martins absence, her defences against Arnauds way of stealing the heart were weak. She just wanted to be happy again, and Arnaud took advantage of all the emotion tightly tied in check for so many years. It is also possible that she ac cepted Arnaud in order to spite the real Martin for being cruel to her.4) Do you think the novel suggests that deception might at times be justified?The novel suggests that deception, although generally being a bad thing, can sometimes have positive outcomes. It also strongly enforces that however justified deception may be, the truth cannot be hidden forever. Bertrande tried to deny the truth early on because the new Martin made her happy, but this came back to haunt her when her suspiciousness turned to certainty and she knew she was committing a huge sin.If everybody had have decided to accept Arnaud as Martin and live the white lie, business on the farm would have gone on as usual. However, Bertrande could not, with a clear conscience, justify going against her beliefs and becoming the wife of Arnaud du Tilh.5) Are those who believe Arnaud wilfully blind, or are they actually altogether innocent of his deceit?There are many reasons why many people rejected the notion that Arnau d was not the real Martin Guerre. Most of Bertrandes family believed that Bertrande had gone mad as a result of Martins long absence, followed by his sudden return. Others thought that she had a greed of authority and of money, saying that it was all a plan to destroy Martin and possess the farm.Even if Bertrandes family did know that Arnaud was an impostor, they wouldnt have kicked up a fuss about it. Their main concern was the wellbeing of the farm and their happy lifestyle, and would not jeopardise that by siding with Bertrande.THEMES Social institutions and the individual6) RELIGION What is the priests motivation in encouraging Bertrande to go against the rules of her religion by staying with a man she believes is not her husband?When the priest urges Bertrande to withdraw the charges before it is too late, he knows that this will be going against her religious morals. He is justified in saying this though, because he believes Bertrande is in danger of sinning far more greatly than if she stayed with Arnaud. If she sends a good and worthy man to his death to achieve vengeance, the priest is afraid that she will disparage not only herself, but all who love her,7) MARRIAGE Why does Bertrande not have the same freedom as Martin to reject the institutions that govern her?Bertrande lives in sixteenth century France, in an era where the patriarchal system was dominant. Women were expected to be virtuous and faithful to their husbands, and did not have the freedom, rights and opportunities that the men had.8) THE LEGAL agreement Is Bertrande wrong to trust that the law will deliver the truth?It was always a risky endeavour for Bertrande to try and prosecute Arnaud du Tilh. In a time where women were not supposed to be individuals, it is surprising that she was given any credibility by the judges at all. In the end, however, the law did deliver the truth. Bertrandes fault was that she relied on it to solve all her problems. This was not possible, as legaljustic e and moral justice are two very different things.9) WOMEN AND POWER Explore the exercise of each woman in the text and discuss the impact of their lack of autonomy and power on their lives.Bertrande did not show the characteristics typically seen in women of her time. She displayed very strong and individual qualities, but her gender did not allow her to express herself, which she needed to do. Being a woman trapped her in her situation with Arnaud, because she was expected by everyone else to be the faithful wife to both Martin and his impersonator.Madame Guerre was in the same position as Bertrande. As the wife of the cap dhostal, she was expected to support her husband in every way she could. We see evidence of the impact of her lack of power when Martin receives his punishment from his father Madame Guerre caught her breath but made no outcry. She was conflicting to this harsh punishment and wanted to comfort her son, but she knew that she could not argue with the head of the house. She, too, often had to make sacrifices for the common good.Martins sisters were treated equally to every other woman in the house. They were given duties that they were expected to carry out, and had no choice in the matter. In the novel, we are not even given the sisters names, which shows how unimportant they were as individuals.10) INDIVIDUAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Does the family fulfil its responsibilities to Bertrande, just as she tries to fulfil her responsibilities in return?The family didnt have any responsibilities towards Bertrande in the first place. Everything that everyone did was to serve the family as a whole, and so they gave Bertrande no support in her quest for truth and justice because it was detrimental to the family. They were not interested in pursuing a truth that none of them believed.THEMES evaluator11) LEGAL legal expert Arnaud du Tilh is convicted of multiple crimes but Martin Guerre is convicted of none. Is this just?Martin Guerre should hav e received equal punishment to Arnaud, because his abandonment was the very cause of all the problems in the first place. He gave his permission for Arnaud to impersonate him. While Martin was off abandoning his family and his responsibility, Arnaud was in his place earning the respect many say that he deserved more than Martin did anyway.12) MORAL JUSTICE Do you think that Bertrandes position suggests that moral justice is not achieved?In the official court document, there is a phrase that says,But I would willingly ask you if this Monsieur Martin Guerre who was so harsh towards his wife, did not deserve a punishment as severe as that of Arnaut Tillier, for having been by his absence the cause of this wrongdoing?One would think that Bertrandes victory would finally give her freedom and credibility. However, she is given the opposite bitter, solitary justice. Nobody really cares that she was right, and they do not try to stop her when she leaves. If moral justice had been achieved, Bertrande would not have ended up in the position she did.

Dirt bikes usa

unordered bikes usaIntroductionThe small company Dirt Bikes USA based out of Colorado is planning to purport for more ways to grow in the economy of the motorcycle industry. They be skeptical and worried about expenses and how they argon tone ending to obtain information to contribute a solution efficiently. Dirt Bikes USA will go through a transformation on running their business more efficiently. With my evaluations and help I will decide on what kind of earnings tools and technology that will be most effective for the organization and its employees. I will be discussing intranet systems and twain different tools for the internet that can be provided for the organization. I in any case intend on discussing the benefits in using wireless technology and the kind of impacts it will digest on the organization. The tools that will be utilized will have benefits for the organization as well. The cost efficiency of wireless networks versus the cost of fit out networks will also be discussed to give the organization an option of using a more cost effective system. This will reveal the pros of wireless networks and the cons of wired networks.RecommendationsI latterly have just evaluated the organization of Dirt Bikes USA and have come up with recommendations on solving problems. While Dirt Bikes USA already offers their employees internet with desktop computers it would be helpful to establish a private network through using the organizations existing network infrastructure combined with connectivity standards of the internet and software package made for the World Wide Web (WWW). Laudon and Laudon (2009), states that intranets are private networks created by the expenditure of internet networking standards and web technology. With the use of intranets it is secure and private and has a firewall for protection, which helps oppose unauthorized users from accessing the network. WWW and intranet software technology are similar to each other.Intranet Benefi tsWhile having access to information with the touch of a button can be very crucial in the marketing and sales incision. There are many benefits received by the marketing and sales department using an intranet. These benefits are having access to the following researching of competitors, information of products, reports on sales, and marketing analysis.The human resource department can benefit extremely from the use of intranet because they could cutback on the usage of paper. The department could start uploading all of the company applications, company handbooks, company benefit package, and much more that will lead to saving the money normally spent on large inwardnesss of paper.The manufacturing and production department of the company will benefit from the use of intranet by keeping track of the schedules of production while helping maintain and get up production. They can keep track of all their inventory of parts in and out of stock through the intranet. If the organizatio n were to upgrade the intranet to an extranet suppliers would k straight off when parts are deprivationed for the company and customers could place their orders to the suppliers if needed.Helpful ToolsThroughout my investigation I found that as a minimum there are two other tools for the internet that will be useful for the employees at Dirt Bikes. The first internet tool is a Voice over IP (VOIP) phone system. tally to Laudon and Laudon (2009), with the use of a (VOIP) phone system it could help lower the companys cost of communications by 20 to 30 percent. A VOIP phone system is a popular platform for corporate networking and join transmission. I would suggest having more than one telecommunications and computer service infrastructure to save on long surmount phone calls and even get rid of private lines, but having one of each of the infrastructures is needed to offer tremendous savings for Dirt Bikes organization in communications.Another tool for the organization would be t he Apple iPad. With the iPad the organization can create formatted documents, spreadsheets with charts and formulas. The iPad also connects over Wi-Fi connection and 3G services so you can netmail photos to your clients and find out on the internet recent news on the competitors. Its a great tool to have around the shop instead of going back to your office to type an email you can type an email write in the power of your hands. radio AccessI believe that it is important for Dirt Bikes USA to install wireless networks, which would allow wireless internet access to the employees and also provide the company with the capabilities of having voice data communications. By having Dirt Bikes USA install wireless internet it will lead the organization in profit increase while also saving employees time. Besides voice communications, technology has grown where cell phones are now capable of sending information through instant messaging and e-mails. Cell phones are also now capable of searchi ng or researching information on the WWW. The use of cell phones could help the outsiders of the organization with access to information from just about anyplace.With the use of Bluetooth in the organization is another way of using wireless networks. A Bluetooth is a wireless device that allows wireless phones, printers, and computers to communicate with each other with the least amount of power needed to function. Having lower power to function would make a Bluetooth best used with handheld computers, personal data assistants, and cell phones.Wired Networks versus Wireless NetworksI believe for Dirt Bikes USA wireless networks are they way to go and they way of the future because an employee can have access to the internet from anywhere in the building, while wired networks limits you to a specific docking station or office. The only benefit of a wired network is that they work rapid with larger files to upload and can tend to be more reliable than wireless networks. Wireless netw orks sometimes have problems with signal strength while wired networks do not unless a wire happens to become loosened. With the use of wireless networks it would be a fraction of the cost to have installed, compared to the wired networks because of all of the wires need to be ran throughout the building. The bottom line is that the use of a wireless network would be more cost effective for the organization.ConclusionThroughout my investigation I have determined and recommended many solutions to Dirt Bikes USA would benefit from. Using intranet systems in your organization would benefit the following departments Manufacturing and production, human resources, and sales and marketing. In my determination I have also presented two more internet tools that if used would be valuable to the organization. The two internet tools that were presented are VPN and the Apple iPad. With the use of these tools it will be cost effective for the organization. I have also brought attention to wireles s networks technology and the influence it will have on the organization. I compared the cost effective advantages of the use of wireless networks compared to wired networks to be considered by management. My analysis will help in saving the organization a curing of money, which in return will create higher profits for Dirt Bikes USA.ReferencesLaudon, Kenneth C., Lauden, Jane P. (2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.). Essentials of Management Information Systems (8th ed)., Prentice Hall.

Economics of International Marketing

Economics of external MarketingGibbie Yapsen Handadilla (DBM)Student ID 1409012060Brian Junaldo Honoris (DBM)Student ID 1409012075ObjectiveWe make this report in army to do a deep research on global grocerying and understanding on the importance of international merchandisingAcknowledgementWe would like to give thanks EASB for letting us to write this report and to a fault Ms. Roszana for guiding and teaching us through this module and this report. Without their help, we may not reach this point.Introduction global marketing refers to marketing activities coordinated and integrated across multiple country markets. (Jonny K. Johansson 2000) multinational marketing often used in some big companies. worldwide marketing itself has big impact on worlds economy. In this assessment, our aim is to critically analyze on economics of international marketing.Questions to be answered on that point atomic number 18 4 (four) questions that we will discuss on this reportEvolution to Interna tional MarketingElements of International MarketingAdvantages and Disadvantages of International MarketingEconomics of International TradeEvolution to International MarketingBecause of todays globalization, international marketing has become really popular. There are many changes or we flush toilet say evolution within companies around the world and also in international marketing. There are some stages in international marketing for those who are globalizing.Domestic MarketingAs we can see from the word domestic which means inside a cross country. At this stage, companies marketing scope is precisely within one country. Usually, companies at this stage are only influencing local markets. They normally seldom to pay attention in the worlds market change or other foreign market competition.International MarketingFrom the domestic stage, evolve to the next stage which is international marketing. International marketing is to a greater extent or less the same with the domestic mark eting. At this stage, companies ready their factory to manufacture product in their own country but they focus their marketing into some particular countries. For example, FN beverage manufacturer from Singapore, the manufacturing happens in Singapore but their market isnt only in Singapore but in other countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, etc.Global MarketingThere are only few companies which get to this level. At this stage, the marketing scope is much bigger than international marketing stage. The reason is that in global marketing, companies have their manufacturers spread all around the world, thats why it is called global.Elements of International MarketingThe elements of global marketing is what they called marketing mix. Marketing mix is slightly 4 Ps, product, price, place, and promotion. The next following paragraphs are about 4 Ps and the definition.First of all, product is usually what comes in mind to companies. Without product, the others are not diverge nce to follow. Companies are needed to make products which satisfy the customers needs. For example, many beverage companies are competing in satisfying their customers by producing new products which their customers needed.Secondly, pricing is needed as the second 4 Ps. Price is always affected by the demands in every market. With good pricing, the affection from the products will attract customers. Thats why pricing is one important element in international marketing.Next, locating the skillful place to lead astray the products is so much important. One cannot cheat something expensive in a poor country. So one needs to locate the right place to sell the right product as well. By evaluating the customers demand of a particular place then place the product there.Finally, promotion is the last thing to make it succeed. afterwards we manufacture the product, give the right price, place it in the right market, promoting the product is needed to let people know that one already st arting to sell the product. Of course, with the correct promotion will get you bigger attraction from the customers.To amount of money up, there are 4 elements of international marketing and they are product, price, place, and promotion. Each of the elements substantiate the others. So, in order to succeed in international marketing, these elements are needed as the base of it.Advantages and Disadvantages of International MarketingAdvantagesInternational marketing is the process of oversea advertising of the products that a company sells. International marketing provides a host of benefits to a business, from helping to broaden the customer base to improving the reputation of the brand. reason these advantages can help businesses of all sizes to plan their international sales strategies and to focus their customer service efforts.The first advantage of international marketing will be brand reputation. By doing international marketing, a company can get brand reputation which depe nds on the companys product. If the company can sell good products around the world, the brand reputation will arise, and people will recognize it more.The next one will be market expansion. It is the most intelligible advantage because company who does international marketing will expand their market scope from local to international. With market expansion, company may know well about other people demands and can evaluate other competitors so they can improve the products and learn more.The last one is global networking. Just like before, by going to the global market, company can know new customers and new demands which can be used to improve the products.DisadvantagesThe first one will be the cultures. Different cultures can be a problem for some local companies which are new to global markets. They need to adjust the culture with others. For example, instant nutrient company. They cannot sell pork flavored-food to host country which mainly are Muslim.The next disadvantage is t he government law. For some countries which have a strict law, companies may realize difficulties when trying to sell their products there. Some country banned Marijuana, but some other country allow Marijuana to be in market. That will be one example for companies to sell marijuana in some strict countries.Lastly is marketing mix. Company might have to develop a entirely diverse marketing mix for its product in host country than in firm country which will incur cost. Which means in home country will incur cost for host country. Like host country will get tax for import goods from home country.Economics of International TradeInternational trade is the swap of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant piece of land of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in new- made centuries. It is the presupposition of international trade that a sufficient level of geopolitical peace and stability are prevailing in order to allow for the peaceful exchange of trade and commerce to take place between nations.Trade is not a modern invention. International trade today is not qualitatively different from the exchange of goods and services that people have been conducting for thousands of years.Before the widespread adoption of currency, people exchanged goods and some services through bartering or trading a certain quantity of one good or service for another good or service with the same estimated value. With the emergence of money, the exchange of goods and services became more efficient.Developments in transportation and communication revolutionized economic exchange, not only increasing its volume but also widening its geographical range. As trade grow in geographic scope, diversity, and quantity, the channels of trade also became more complex.Internation al trade today differs from economic exchange conducted centuries ago in its speed, volume, geographic reach, complexity, and diversity. However, it has been going on for centuries, and its fundamental characterthe exchange of goods and services for other goods and services or for money remains unchanged.RecommendationIn doing international marketing, we must trouble about the elements of the international marketing first, especially for business managers or professionals. Learn about the pros and cons so that one can make decision rightfully.ConclusionTo sum up everything, there are a lot of points in this report. There has been a lot of evolution through international marketing. There are also some important elements in international marketing as well as the advantages and disadvantages that we may get from international marketing. Therefore, as an international business professional, we have to examine everything first and then we can make a good decision.Referenceshttp//en.wiki pedia.org/wiki/Global_marketinghttp//www.scribd.com/doc/86216521/INTERNATIONAL-MARKETING-EVOLUTION-TO-GLOBAL-AND-INTERNATIONAL-MARKETINGscribdhttp//www.indiastudychannel.comhttp//www.marketingteacher.com/what-is-international-marketing/http//www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/international-marketing.htmlhttp//toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/part/21/103/473http//smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-marketing-internationally-61158.htmlhttp//www.translatemedia.com/international-marketinghttp//cindyking.biz/4-success-elements-for-international-business-development/http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Inc-Mail/International-Marketing.htmlDeclarationBy signing this declaration, the group has agreed to the appraisal of this report________________(Name / Signature)________________(Name / Signature)Page 1 15

Pain and pain management in the dying patient

Pain and discommode precaution in the dying longanimousFor m some(prenominal) days on that point has been a question as to whether or non providing inconvenience oneself medical specialty to a dying tolerant role is estim commensurate or non. This subject pr characterizationices on what is considered morally ethical as well as medically ethical. Allowing a individual to sit in pang at the abrogate of life, hits as both medically and morally unethical. Especially, when health dread professionals sack up manage and control the vexation. in that respect argon many medical ethics rulers as well as the directives that apply from the Catholic religion side of it. whatsoever of the principles that exit be discussed ar the principle of double heart and soul, in configurationed consent, veracity, beneficence, non-malfeasance, extra modal(a) versus ordinary means, and proportionate and disproportional means. This paper is going to discuss the ethical implications re garding the barriers that are encountered when administering disorder practice of medicines to forbearings that are in the uttermost part of the dying phase. It is my position that patients that are dying should draw annoying medicine as desired and expressed by the patient. The hurtingful sensation practice of medicines should be administered and titrated woundonizely to maintain the appropriate therapeutic level to lease the patient to maintain his or her dignity.There are several barriers that arise when providing pain support in the dying patient. The barriers include failure of clinicians to identify pain assuagement as a priority in patient mete out, insufficient knowledge among clinicians about the assessment and management of pain, fear of regulatory scrutiny of prescribing practices for opioid analgesics, failure of the healthcare system to hold clinicians accountable for pain relief, the persistence of irrational whimseys and unsubstantiated fears about addiction, tolerance, dep supplantence, and adverse effects of opioids, and the resistance of patients and/or their family members to the use of opioid analgesics in the management of pain (Rich, 2000). The most leafy vegetable barrier is under tr flowment due to fear of hastening close. Assessing pain and the administration of pain medication in the dying thickening is very meaning(a). This nursing assessment is vital through all scenes of life only when is overly very important in the end of life to analyze and maintain as much of a persons autonomy and dignity as possible. AS in life plurality who are dying must too be able to have and betray choices surrounding the way in which they claim to spend that last portion of their life. Before getting down to the ethical concerns of pain and pain management, it is important to define what pain is and how it is assessed. Pain and suffering is often linked together and some even use it interchangeably. However, on that po int is a difference amid the two. Pain is considered a negative and unpleasant sensory felt by the person that is inhibitory to the comfort of the person, it is considered to be mainly somatic in nature (Kelly, 2004). Suffering is considered to be roughly the same as pain but the effects are much geared towards a persons spirituality and mentality (Kelly, 2004). The way in which people experience pain and suffering is different from person to person. Pain is a subjective experience and is to be assessed on an individual basis. There are many ways in which pain force out be assessed. There are many different dentures that are employ to assess pain and each scale has different characteristics that allow health team members to be able to assess each face of person for which they care for. Some of the most common scales used are the descriptive scales in which you circle the word that best describes you ranging from none to excruciating, the numerical scale which is the most co mmon scale used allows a person to say or circle a number that reflects the metre of pain they are in ranging from 0 organism no pain to 10 world the worst pain they have ever felt. There is a besides a visual analog scale that allows a person to mark a place on a line or pick out a face on a faces scale ranging from no distress/pain to worst pain ever. The last scale mentioned is one of the least used and it is the functional interference scale which allows a person to circle a word that best describes the persons degree of impairment ranging from none to incapacitated. In addition to these subjective scales in that location has been evidence that has attended with the ability of healthcare professionals to be able to approach pain from an objective point of view. This approach has been divided up into four different categories sympathetic discharge signs, positional relief signs, sensory avoidance signs, and common pain distr go through signs. Some of the sympathetic signs as sociated with pain are tachycardia, high blood pres for sure, dilated pupils and vasoconstriction (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). There are several more(prenominal) approaches but this is just a few that are used in healthcare. Positional relief signs include walk imbalanced, leaning while sitting or standing, lying on the floor, and differences in temperature between sides of the body (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). Sensory avoidance signs include speaking slowly, delays answering questions, avoids noise, shallow breathing, and wont brush teeth (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). Some of the common pain distr serve signs include grinding of teeth, clenching of feet and hands, bites lips, gouges or squeezing of skin (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). The otherwise aspect to consider is the type of pain medication existence administered. When pertaining to the end of life the typical drug of choice are the ones that fall into the opioid family. These drugs are chosen for people that have pain that is moderate to severe in intensity and is unrelieved by non-opioid drugs. These drugs provide pain relief and send away cause some adverse effects such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, fatigue and sometimes light sedation is amongst the most common effects. The amount and type is determined on an individual basis and prolonged use can lead to dependence and the need for increased dosages due to an increased tolerance for the desired therapeutic effect. The way in which drugs are chosen is divided into 3 steps as developed by the World Health Organization. Step one is when the pain is assessed as mild to moderate and has had no previous treatment and so non-opioid drugs are used such as tylenol, ibuprofen, and toradol (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Step two is when the pain is measured at a moderate level and has been enured previously but has not responded to the treatments from step one, the medications used in step two are weak analgesics such a s Tylenol with codeine, and tramadol (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Step ternary is considered when the pain is described as severe pain or pain that does not respond to one and two. In this instance the patients should be treated with surd opioids such as morphine, dilaudid, and Demerol (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Morphine is one of the most comm solo used opioids because there is no therapeutic ceiling and extremely large doses can be used safely and soundly if the drug is titrated decently (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Part of treating every person as an individual and watch overing them as an individual is being sure to respect their autonomy. This principle applies here because to be able to treat a person that is in pain, they have to be assessed individually and be treated according to their individual needs. Every person feels pain differently and every person has a different threshold for pain. What is considered mildly painful to one person whitethor n be severe to excruciating to the next. As a health care member you have to be able to allow the patient to express what they are feeling and to allow them to be involved in the decisions regarding their pain management. The ability for them to be able to make decisions allows the people that are dying the ability to be able to have some form of control of how they live the last part of their lives. Allowing the dying person to make small decisions such as whether or not they receive pain medication allows the person to feel as though they still have a voice and a place within the world that they are about to leave. The fear usually involved with giving dying patients pain medication is hastening the death process. However, as the health care members the opinions that we may have about whether or not it does hasten death does not matter because the patient has the right to make his or her own decisions regarding their personal healthcare interjections. Due to the fact that pai n is mostly a subjective matter healthcare members do not have the authority to decide whether or not a patient is in fact in pain or not. Withholding pain medication in the dying patient would be a violation over against the patients benevolent rights by allowing that person to die in pain. Allowing a person to die in pain does not allow the person to be able to concentrate on their spiritual needs, psychological needs, and family needs at the time of death. Violation of the ethical principle of autonomy is a violation of ones human rights. There will be times when it easier to surrender to the determination, decisions, and goals of influential parties such as the primary physician (Andrews, Constantino, and Zalon, 2008, Pg. 94). Furthermore the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses requires that supports practice with compassion, and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual (ANA, 2001). As nurses we are obligated to do everything within our power to r elieve the persons pain when the person is requesting pain relief. It is also our responsibility to reassess the persons pain without prompt by the patient. some other responsibility that nurses own is providing accurate information to the patient regarding the medications ordered for pain, so as to allow the patient to make informed decisions about receiving the medications or not.The next principle is veracity, veracity is when a person tells another person the truth without any form of deception. In this case it would be the health care member speaking truthfully to the dying patient. Under this principle the nurse has the obligation to provide the patient with accurate information about his or her right to effective pain relief. The nurse also has the obligation to provide information about the pain medication being administered. The other thing to remember when this principle is applied is that nurses need to be aware that people that experience chronic pain exhibit behaviors that are vastly different than those who are experiencing acute pain.This becomes a very important principle because there have been instances in which the nurse will just make for in a medication and just tell the patient that the medication is for pain. Little does the patient know that the medication the nurse is administering is tylenol or ibuprofen. The patient trusts the nurse and assumes that their pain will be taken care of. Instead without directly having to lie to the patient, the patient is deceived. Granted the medication given is for pain but, the type of pain being nominatered to in the end of life is usually moderate to severe and the medications listed above are not make for intense pain.Violation of this principle is what leads patients to distrust the healthcare providers and the care that they are given. From this, patients start to feel they need second opinions and the continuity of care for the patient is and so lacking. As we know to be able to properly con trol pain in our patients it has to be done with trust between the patient and healthcare members as well trust between the nurses and other members of the healthcare team. According to the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses, the nurses primary responsibility is to the patient (ANA, 2001). So, if the patient is not given the proper information about the pain medications being used and it isnt being treated effectively the patient then loses part of their dignity and we as the healthcare members just robbed the patient of any evaluate they might have felt like they had left. Before a person can make a decision about accepting or denying an intervention of any kind, that person has to be completely informed. This begins the discussion of the principle of informed consent. This principle is very important because it allows the person that is dying to be able to proceed to make decisions about their lives all the way to death. When administering pain medication to a person that is dying it would be unethical to not inform that person of the affects that the pain medication may have on them. If medication was given to the patient and it either sedated them or it did hasten their death, their dignity and autonomy would have been taken onward from them. That person would not have been able to decide whether or not they wanted to make preparations for the remainder of their life. The ability of a person that is approach death to be able to maintain a consciousness of belonging and still feel as though they have authority over themselves allows for a sense of calm. The patient is able to make amends if wanted or needed. By informing them of the affects of the pain medications that person can feel comfortable about pickings them and as that person is passing they wont be wondering what if when it is time for them to pass. Every person has the right to decide how they are going to die. The benefit of doing it pain free or as close to pain free as they can get is that it leaves the person in a state where they are more able to concentrate on important things. Such things include their spirituality, family, and even death preparations. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, this is a very important saying that we are taught and is reinforced throughout our entire lives. This word of advice rolls into the next principle I would like to talk about and it is beneficence. Beneficence requires that the duty is to help the patient by managing the pain effectively. This principle goes as far as to say that not only will the nurse not terms the patient but is obligated to take positive actions that will benefit the patient whenever applicable.It would be a violation of this principle if the nurse was to give the patient pain medication and did not follow up with the patient to see if the pain has been reduced or if the dosage of the medication needed to be titrated. Any nurse can give their dying patient pain medication but it takes follow thro ugh and communication with the patient to ensure that the pain is being managed. The act of giving the pain medication is the part that is considered not doing harm to the patient. The follow through and reassessment of pain as well as dosage of medication is what is considered taking positive actions to benefit the patient.The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses states that nurses are creditworthy for their practice and are therefore required to provide a standard of care that takes an appropriate action to manage the pain in their patients (ANA, 2001). This can be stretched even further by stating that they are expected to take action when incompetence, unethical, illegal, and impair practices are suspected. This goes back to the age old fundamental nursing practice of advocating for your patient. Nurses are to be the advocates as well as the educators for their patients. If a nurse is lovingness for a dying person that person may assume that after so much pain medication that they w ill not be able to experience relief and as said before it is then the nurses duty to educate that patient about the ability to switch drugs or to increase dosages in cases of increased tolerance.Non-Malfeasance has a lot to do with beneficence you wont normally see one without the other. Non-malfeasance is just the simple task of doing no harm to your patient. In the dying patient the nurse has a duty to protect the patient from pain. Suffering plays a big role in this principle. As recalled from earlier in this paper suffering is more of the emotional and mental effects that pain has on the patient. The patient is most likely to suffer if they are not properly medicated for their constant pain. The suffering is what inhibits the patient from being able to enjoy and participate in the final moments of their lives. Allowing the patient to go under medicated and allow their mental capacitance to reduce to a suffering state is a violation of the principle of non-malfeasance. This imp acts their dignity by not allowing them to eat, dress themselves, helping with a transfer, or walking around if they are permitted to do so. This could result in the patients last and even most precious moments of their lives to be reduced to a non-significant and traumatic experience.By refuse or under treating psyche for pain it is indirectly causing harm to the patient. Another way to look at it would be that under prescribing the pain medication is the same thing as inflicting pain on the person. Looking at it from this point has made it so that I look at my own practices and every time that I think about the times that I didnt ask patients if they were in pain I was consequently inflicting pain and suffering thereby doing harm which is a direct violation of the principle of non-malfeasance.The competence of the nurse plays a large role within this principle. To properly be able to prevent doing harm to the patient the nurse must be aware and competent regarding pain and the m edications or techniques that are used to manage the pain. Further, competence in pain management entails demonstrating a basic knowledge of the nature and action of the drug, proper dosages, the length of coverage, the time it takes for the drug to take effect, the variety of routes of administration, the recognition of drug tolerance, and dealing with problems with break-through pain (Silverman, Croker, 2001, Pg. 185).When talking about the care of dying patients, it cannot be forgotten that even though the client that is dying needs care, usually that patient is not the only person that the nurse is caring for. Time is one of the worst barriers for most nurses and although everyone that is in the hospital and needs care deserves the undivided attention of the nurse, this is just not reality. According to the principle of legal expert every patient has the right to be given their dues. This doesnt mean just fairness it is giving something to a person to which they are entitled.Ev ery dying person is entitled to being as pain free as possible by the healthcare members, especially when it comes to providing pain medication. This can become an issue for nurses caring for these patients because there are not enough nurses to be able to adequately staff to be able to provide the nigher one on one care that may be needed. This becomes a dilemma because the nurses then have to then make decisions that result in slight care being provided to one or all of the other patients. Under treating for pain in the dying patient is a violation of the principle of justice because everyone is entitled to a pain free death. The technology and advancements are available to make this happen and again this allows the patient to be able to address other needs at the time of death other than concentrating on how much pain they might be in. A cheeseparing way to help in this type of situation would be a PCA pump, which allows the patient to manage their pain, but also allows the nu rse to concentrate more on the other needs of the patient. Allowing the patient the extra time and energy to spend with their families or to spend relaxing is a right that all people have and should be upheld to the very last breathe that the person takes. Although administering pain medication to dying patients that are in pain discovers a good effect by relieving the patients pain, it can also produce a negative affect that was unintended such as hastening death. The principle that this relates to is the principle of double effect. The true definition of this principle is that the action that is good in itself that has two effects, an intended and otherwise not causeably attainable good effect, and an unintended yet unforeseen evil effect (NCBC, 2006). This principle has to be considered when there is a question or a discrepancy between doing good (beneficence) and doing no harm (non-malfeasance).The problem with this principle is that most healthcare professionals believe in it and therefore giving higher dosages of pain medication does in fact hasten death. Studies have been performed and revealed that although 89% of physicians and nurses agreed that sometimes it is appropriate to give pain medication to relieve suffering, even if it may hasten a patients death (Fohr, 2005). Out of the 89%, 41% agreed that clinicians give inadequate pain medication most often out of fear of hastening a patients death (Fohr, 2005). Fohr has found that there is little research to support the notion that increasing the dose of opioid analgesics for terminally ill patients hastens their death (Fohr, 2005). The belief in this principle has in fact allowed and caused unnecessary suffering in the dying patients. There are also state by state statutes that have been developed to protect health care members in instances such as this. The Indiana statute states as follows This statute provides that a licensed health care provider who administers, prescribes, or dispenses medicati ons or procedures to relieve a persons pain or discomfort, even if the medication or procedure may hasten or increase the risk of death, unless such medications or procedures are intended to cause death is not liable for assisting suicide (Sexton, 2000).There are four criteria that pertain to the double effect principle and the action has to meet these criterions to make the action morally ethical. The first criteria is that the action has to be good and that the action can be acceptable by Gods standards and must be considered good to the other person as well as yourself (NCBC, 2006). The second criterion that has to be accomplished is that the act that is to be good cannot come from or be the effect of a bad act (NCBC, 2006). So, the act of providing pain relief cannot be as a result of hastening the patients death. Hastening the patients death is in fact the unforeseen effect of the good action provide pain relief. The third criterion states that there is an equal or greater prop ortion that exists between the good effect of the action and the bad effect of the action (NCBC, 2006). The last criterion suggests that the person the action was used upon has to be moved more towards the good effect of the act of giving the pain medication in the dying person. The untoward effect has to be just tolerated and prevented as much as possible by the healthcare members.To administer the medication to a dying patient in severe pain would be acting morally ethical according to the principle of double effect. The action which would be administering the drug is considered to be a good action because it is relieving a persons pain and suffering. The intention of using the pain medication and administering it was to just relieve the pain of that person the intention was not to harm or hasten death. cock-a-hoop the medication to the patient achieves pain relief so that relief was brought about by mean of the good act not the bad effect of archaean death. Lastly the pain felt by most people that are dying is so severe that treating it is completely justifiable although a side effect could in fact produce an early death. If any of these criteria is violated then it can be considered as euthanasia or physician assisted suicide.Another question to be asked in this scenario is whether or not the action of giving pain medication is proportionate to the condition. In this case the condition is the severe amount of pain that the patient is feeling. There are two principles that are brought up here and they are the principle of proportionate and disproportionate means and the principle of ordinary and extraordinary means. These two principles are usually together and one is not usually applied without the other.These two principles are very important when making end of life decisions because they are about what is considered ethically acceptable when making end of life decisions and which ones are not according to Catholic ethics. These two principles generally refer to life sustaining actions by the health care staff but it can be expanded into what is considered proportionate or disproportionate interventions when caring for a patient that is dying and is in severe pain.In a situation in which a person is dying and is in severe pain, providing them with pain medication would not be considered disproportionate or extraordinary. Giving a person pain medication is not considered making a decision of whether or not that person should undergo or forgo a type of treatment. It is not making the decision of whether or not to sustain life. Providing the person in pain who is also dying is providing that person with a best quality of life for their end of life. The fact is, is that there has not been enough evidence to prove that administration of pain medication does promote an earlier death. It cannot be concluded that the giving of the persons medication and maintaining a persons pain by increasing the medication if needed does hasten death . There is no good or easy answer when tragedies occur. But to try and understand, we must step back and look at the big picture. God made everything perfect. When man sinned, that perfection was spoiled and our entire environment was tainted. The fact is we live in a world where evil abounds. It is rampant throughout every aspect of creation. We are subject to the actions of the people around us. God can and does intervene in some events, but why not others? Only he knows that answer, but the Bible teaches that there will be a time when he will end this world as we know it. In heaven, there will be no more death, sadness, pain, sickness, or suffering of any kind. One reason many of us suffer is because we do things that cause us pain. We dont eat right, so we have heart attacks. We drive carelessly or fast, so we have accidents. We smoke, so we get lung cancer. What about innocent children who are not responsible for their suffering? Why do they get sick? Maybe its because we do no t live in a perfect world. God intended for us to have perfect bodies, perfect health, and freedom from pain and suffering. The world He created was originally perfect, just as he had planned it. But evil ruined our perfect world. When sin entered the picture, it brought with it death, pain, and suffering. Dont misunderstand me, people do not suffer because of their own personal sins, necessarily but because the world is changed because of sin being in the world. Jesus said, In this world, you will have tribulation. Just as in the case with Job, I believe that evil forces attack us and cause much suffering in an attempt to get people to blame God and turn away from Him.In order for God to preserve our rights as individuals (to choose for ourselves), he had to allow us the freedom to sin. He also had to allow the consequences of our behaviors. That means that he does not normally interfere with things which happen innately in this world, such as sickness and disease caused by toxins in the environment, accidents as a result of risky behaviors, and natural disasters. God does not cause these natural consequences, but he does allow them. However, many times, he does intervene miraculously or work even in the worst of situations to bring about something good from them. Why would God allow anyone to suffer? Maybe so that people can increase their faith in him, increases their compassion for others, or be better able to encourage and help other hurting people (2 Corinthians 13-5). When reading through the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, there is one important directive that particularly applies to this situation. Directive number 61 states that all patients should be kept as free from pain as possible. This again goes to say that people that are dying need to be able to die with their dignity intact. It also states that a dying person should not be denied pain medication even if the indirect action of shortening their life occurs . There is one stipulation that applies to this directive. If the medications being used cause sedation of any kind, the health care member has an obligation of informing the patient of the effect. The dying person has the right to be able to prepare for their death while being completely conscious (USCCB, 2005). If for any reason that person is not able to be conscious there has to be a legitimate medical reason behind the decision.Under treating has become a large ethical dilemma in the healthcare world. More often than not there are people that are living and dying in pain. The problem with this is that with the readily available drugs that are out there to treat this problem, they are not being utilized (Miller, 2009). One of the biggest problems that arises is the lack of education amongst the health care professionals. The insufficient knowledge base surrounding the different pain medications and the research surrounding the effects on death has not been incorporated into the plan of care. As stated above the principle of double effect creates a problem for the health care professionals. The belief in this principle prevents them from properly treating the patient who is dying and has a severe amount of pain. The dignity of the patient has to remain as the top priority when approaching death. Part of maintaining a persons dignity is allowing the patient to make the informed decision of receiving pain medication. Every person has the right to a peaceful and painless death.It is demand that patients are given the proper types of medication needed for the type of pain they might be experiencing. The type of pain most commonly referred to at the end of life is moderate to severe pain. This requires due diligence on all health care professionals side of it. If the medication that is prescribed is no longer providing effective pain relief then the drug needs to be titrated accordingly. If the medication being used is at its highest dosage amount, then the dr ug needs to be changed. If this is the case then the patient needs to be informed of the change and educated on the new drug. This again allows the patient to be able to make decisions in their care, and allows them the sense of belonging that is still needed at the time of death. When the pain is not being managed in a person that is dying it is taking away their ability to be able to have the calm, spiritual, and family and friend oriented passing that is usually needed amongst the dying. By administering pain medication the patient is then able to concentrate on more important aspects of their life. Health care professionals have the ability to be able to control pain and suffering. To allow someone to die in pain or suffer would be not only medically immoral but it woul

How ICT has Impacted My Life :: ICT Essays

How ICT has Impacted My LifeWhen I was planning how to investigate how ICT has had an impact onthe way I do things at home and at school I decided to writeeverything I did down in my rough book for two days. I then analysedif ICT had any part to play in the various events. Below is a reporton my findingsSOCIAL/PERSONALICT USESMS SENDING school text MESSAGES TO yokeMOBILE RINGING PARENTS FOR LIFT HOMETELETEXT FINDING CINEMA TIMESDVD WATCHING/INTERACTING WITH A FILMTV WATCHING digital TVCOMPUTER PLAYING GAMES ON THE INTERNETCOMPUTER SENDING EMAILSDIGITAL CLOCK/RADIO WAKING UP IN THE MORNINGSCOMPUTEREMAILING WORK TO discipline FOR TOMORROWDIGITAL CAMERA TOOK PHOTOS OF MY DOG AND SENT THEM VIA EMAIL TO MY SISTER AT UNIVERSITYGAMES CONSOLE PLAYED FIFA 2002 WITH LITTLE BROTHERTOUCHSCREEN AT ARGOS TO CHECK IF THEY HAD AN circumstanc e IN STOCKCOMPUTER RECORD MP3 FILES FOR MY MINIDISC PLAYERMINIDISC PLAYED MP3 FILESWAP PHONE SENT PHOTOS TO MY MATESINTERACTIVE GAMES PLAYED GAMES AT THE ARCADE IN SKEGNESS WITH MATESDIGITAL TV SENT E-MAILSSCHOOL USE OF ICTMILLING MACHINE DT PROJECTCOMPUTER RECORDING MEASUREMENTS IN SCIENCE